Royal Chitwan National Park

PHYSICAL FEATURES
Within the park lie the Churia hills, ox-bow lakes, and the flood plains of Rapti, Reu and Narayani Rivers. The Churia hills rise gradually towards the east from 150m. to over 800m. elevation. The lower but more rugged Someshwor hills occupy most of the western portion of the park. The flood plains of Chitwan contain rich alluvial soils. The park boundaries have been delineated by the Narayani and Rapti Rivers in the north and west, and the Reu river and Someshwor hills in the south and south-west. It shares its eastern border with the Parsa Wildlife Reserve.
SEASONS
The park is influenced by a tropical monsoon climate with relatively high humidity. Winter, spring and monsoon are the three main seasons. The cool winter season occurs from October to February. Spring begins in March and is soon followed summer that ends in early June. Summer days are typically hot with up to an average 30C daytime temperature. The monsoon usually begins at the end of June and continues until September. The mean annual rainfall is about 21-50 mm. and during this time of the year rivers are flooded and most of the roads are virtually impassable.
VEGETATION
The Chitwan Valley is characterized by tropical to sub-tropical forest. Roughly 70% of park vegetative cover is sal (shorea robusta) forest, a moist deciduous vegetation type of the Terai region. The remaining vegetation types include: grassland (20%), riverine forest (70%), and sal with chirpine (pinus roxburghii) (3%) forest, the latter occurring at the tops of the Churia range. The riverine forests consist mainly of khair, sissoo, and simal. The simal has a spiny bark when young and develops buttresses at the bottom in older stages. The grasslands form a diverse and complex community with over 50 species.
ANIMALS
There are more than 43 species of mammals in the park. The park is especially renowned for its protection of the endangered one- horned rhinoceros, tiger, and gharial crocodile along with many other common species of wild animal. The estimated population of rhinos is 400. The park also secures populations of endangered species such as gaur, wild elephant, four horned antelope, striped hyena, pangolin, Gangetic dolphin, monitor lizard, and python.
Some of the other animals found in the park are sambar, chital, hog deer, barking deer, sloth deer, common leopard, ratel, palm civet, wild dog, langur and rhesus monkeys.
There are over 450 species of birds in the park. Among the endangered birds are the Bengal florican, giant hornbill, lesser florican, black stork and white stork. A few of the common birds seen are peafowl, red jungle fowl, and different species of egrets, herons, kingfishers, flycatchers and woodpeckers. The best times for bird watching are in March and December.
More than 45 species of amphibians and reptiles are found in the park, some of which are the
marsh mugger crocodile, cobra, green pit viper and various species of frogs and tortoises. The park is actively engaged in the scientific study of several species of wild flora and fauna.

chitwan national park

LOCATION:
Royal Chitwan National Park, the oldest national park in Nepal, is situated in the subtropical inner Terai lowlands of South-Central Nepal. The park was designated as a World Heritage Site in 1984.
The park covers a pristine area with a unique ecosystem of significant value to the world. It contains the Churiya hills, ox-bow lakes and flood plains of Rapti, Reu, and Narayani Rivers. Approximately 70% of the park vegetation is sal forest. The remaining vegetation types include grassland (20%), riverine forest (7%), and sal with chirpine (3%), the latter occurring at the top of the Churiya range. The riverine forests consist mainly of khair, sissoo and simal. The grasslands form a diverse and complex community with over 50 species. The Saccharum species, often called elephant grass, can reach 8 m. in height. The shorter grasses such as Imperata are useful for thatch roofs.
There are more than 43 species of mammals, over 450 species of birds, and more than 45 species of amphibians and reptiles in the park.
Formerly, the Chitwan Valley was well known for big game hunting and until 1950 was exclusively managed as a hunting reserve for the Rana Prime Ministers and their guests. In 1963, the area south of the Rapti River was demarcated as a rhinoceros sanctuary. In 1970, His late Majesty King Mahendra approved, in principle, the creation of Royal Chitwan National Park.

ROYAL CHITWAN NATIONAL PARK

BACKGROUND
Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP) has long been one of the country’s treasures of natural wonders. The park is situated in south central Nepal, covering 932 sq. km. in the subtropical lowlands of the inner Terai. The area comprising the Tikauli forest - from Rapti river to the foothills of the Mahabharat - extending over an area of 175 sq. km. was declared Mahendra Mriga Kunj (Mahendra Deer Park) by the late King Mahendra in 1959. In 1963, the area south of Rapti River was demarcated as a rhinoceros sanctuary. The area was gazetted as the country’s first national park in 1973. Recognizing its unique ecosystems of international significance, UNESCO declared RCNP a World Heritage Site in 1984.
In 1996, an area of 750 sq. km surrounding the park was declared a buffer zone which consists of forests and private lands. The park and the local people jointly initiate community development activities and manage natural resources in the buffer zone. His Majesty’s Government has made a provision of plowing back 30-50 percent of the park revenue for community development in the buffer zone.

BACKGROUND (makalu barun national park

BACKGROUND:
High in the heart of the eastern Himalayas, seven valleys radiate from Mt. Makalu, the world's fifth highest peak. These valleys, particularly the Barun valley, treasure some of the last remaining pristine forests and alpine meadows of Nepal. From the bottom of the Arun valley, at just 435 m. above sea level, the Himalayas rise to the snow-capped tip of Makalu 8463 m. within a 40 km distance. Within this wide range of altitudes and climates, the Makalu-Barun area contains some of the richest and most diverse pockets of plants and animals in Nepal.
Nestled in the lower reaches of these valleys are communities of Rai, Sherpa, and other farming communities. Though economically poor and isolated, they retain a rich cultural heritage. They hold the key to the preservation of the unique biological and cultural treasures of the Makalu-Barun area.
The Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area was established in 1992 as Nepal's eighth national park and the first to include an adjacent inhabited conservation area as a buffer. A new park management approach encourages local people to become actively involved in protecting the forests and natural resources upon which their lives depend, and in conserving their own rich cultural heritage. Traditional resource management systems, such as community controlled grazing and forest guardianship, are being strengthened and low level technologies introduced where appropriate. Working in collaboration with an American NGO, Woodlands Mountain Institute, His Majesty's Government, Nepal is striving to improve local living standards through infrastructure, educational and income-generating activities.
Covering 2,330 sq. km, Makalu-Barun is a vital component of the greater Mount Everest ecosystem which includes Nepal's 1,148 sq. km Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park to the west and the 35,000 sq. km Qomolangma Nature Preserve in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north.

THE NATIONAL PARK
Most of the Makalu-Barun National Park is a remote wilderness, with just two small settlements and seasonal herding in the high pastures. Historically, few foreigners have visited the area except for the occasional climbing expedition.
The incredibly steep topography and abundant monsoon rains (1000 to 4000 mm per year) of the eastern Himalayas support unusually diverse bioclimatic zones and a rich storehouse of medicinal and useful plants. Alpine pastures above 4000 m contain the religiously important dwarf rhododendron and juniper, aromatic herbs and delicate wildflowers. Sub-alpine forests of fir, birch, and rhododendron, and temperate stands of oak, maple and magnolia thrive between 2-4000 m. Luxuriant orchids drape the chestnut and pine forests of the sub-tropical zone (1-2000 m), and forests reach their northernmost limit within Nepal along the banks of the Arun (below 1000 m).

MAKALU-BARUN NATIONAL PARK

Location and feature

Location:-
The park and conservation area are situated in the Sankhuwasabha and Solukhumbu Districts, bordered by the Arun River on the west, the Nepal-Tibet border on the north and the Saune Danda (ridge) to the south.

FEATURES:
This is the only protected area in Nepal with a strict nature reserve. The park has some of the richest and most unique pockets of plants and animals in Nepal.
Stepping up the slopes are a series of vegetation zones starting with tropical Schima-Castanopsis forest (1000-2000m), fir/birch/rhododendron forests in the sub-alpine (3000-4000 m); and herbs, grasses and rhododendron/juniper shrubs in the alpine pastures (4000-5000 m). There are 47 varieties of orchids, 67 species of economically valuable medicinal and aromatic plants, 25 varieties of rhododendron, 19 species of bamboo, 15 oaks including Arkhoulo, 86 species of fodder trees and 48 species of primrose.
Over 400 species of birds have been sighted in the Makalu-Barun area, including two species of warbler never before seen. Wildlife includes the endangered red panda, musk deer, Himalayan black bear, clouded leopard and possibly ghoral, Himalayan tahr, wild boar, barking deer, Himalayan marmot and weasel, common langur monkey and the serow. The Arun River system contain 84 varieties of fish. Over 32,000 people inhabit the conservation area

Annapurna Base Camp Trek

Annapurna Base Camp Trek
The Annapurna Base Camp trek leads to a natural amphitheater that is used as the base camp from which climbers start on their way to conquer the Annapurna Mountaintop. The mountain reaches 8091 meters above sea level, and the base camp's altitude is 4130 meters above sea level.
Preparations before the trek:
Trekking permitThere is no need to issue a trekking permit to go on treks in the Annapurna area as it was in the past.
Food and waterThere is no need to take food and water to the trek. Everything can be bought in the restaurants and guest houses along the way. As the trail goes up, so does the water prices increase. Therefore, as long as you are at the beginning of the trek it is worthwhile buying mineral-water bottles. Later on the way it is possible to use water purification tablets.
Sleeping equipmentThere are many guest houses along the trek (don't expect too much...). Bring a good and warm sleeping bag with you, that will protect you from the cold (there is no heating).
EquipmentMap of the trek, big backpack and a rain cover for it, small backpack, sleeping bag, water purification tablets, toilet paper, toiletries, sandals for the shower, towel, flashlight, spare batteries, reading book, first-aid kit, sunglasses, laundry rope, washing powder, sun-screen, fleece coat, rain coat, water proof nylon bag, travel clothes, warm clothes, laundry bag, camera.
Toilets and showersIn the beginning of the trek you may find running water, but as you climb, they will become more and more scarce. If you want to take a shower further on the trek, you will have to take a bucket showers (sometimes with hot water).
PortersIt is highly recommended to hire a porter (carrier and guide) that will carry your heavy big bag with the equipment, and leave you with the small bag. The porter will also be your guide (no need for an additional guide). It is recommended to hire a porter through an agency to reduce the chance that the porter will disappear with you bag. You can use one porter for two persons, but avoid overloading him. Try to meet with your porter before leaving for the trek to get to know him
The route:-
Every walking day starts around 07:00 (your porter will wake you up), stops for lunch around noon and ends at around 14:00 with the arrival to the guest house. An average walking day is about 7 hours.
Going up: 5 days, coming down - 3 days. All together - 8 days.
Costs and Technical Issues
As mentioned before, there is no need for any special trekking permit to travel in the Annapurna region, as it used to be in the past.
Entrance fee to the Annapurna Conservation Area Project ACAP is 2000 Rupee (about $28). Be aware that if you pay the entrance fee at the entrance to the conservation area it will be double - 4000 Rupees (about $56). Therefore it is advisable to pay it at the offices in Pokhara or Kathmandu.
ACAP offices:
ACAP / National Park OfficeIn the basement of the Sanchaya Kosh shopping centerTridevi MargThamel, KathmanduTel: 223088, ext. 363
ACAP OfficeLakeside, Pokharaopposite Grindlays BankTel: 061 32275
Opening hours: Monday - Friday: 09:00-16:00Sunday: 09:00-15:00Saturday and holidays: closed
When paying the entrance fee, bring along 2 passport photos and a photocopy of your passport.
The cost of a porter is about 400 Rupee (almost $6) per day.
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animal details

Detail
Only museums protect the basic, so-called type, material used by a scientist every time he is not sure about the classification of some animal. Only there are we able to find a sufficiently large series of a specific species for the thorough study of its variability. It is only museum depositories which protect the collections of already extinct kinds of species whose form would otherwise only be estimated on the basis of old descriptions, drawings and yellowed photographs. The indispensable scientific, cultural and educational role of the Museum is absolutely undeniable. However, the aim of this text is not to describe in detail our work and the significance of museums, but to introduce the visitor to the exhibition to the most precious and the most beautiful zoological exhibits stored in the National Museum. Among the greatest treasures of the National Museum exhibits are the collections of already entirely exterminated animals. This exhibition will subsequently introduce 5 species which share this sad fate. The flightless bird, the Mauritius Dodo (Raphus cucullatus), known also under its more popular name, Dodo, is in first place. It was extirpated on the island of Mauritius as early as 1681. The displayed skeletal remnants are among the world’s greatest treasures. They may originate from an animal purportedly bred by the emperor Rudolph II himself on his estate. In second place is the Great Auk (Alca impennis ), another flightless bird successfully exterminated by man (before 1844). Our exhibits come from the collection of Baron Feldegg. A young animal without a white spot around his eye is a world rarity. In addition, the Labrador Duck (Camptorhynchus labradorius), Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) and Carolina Parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis) did not survive their encounters with man and on the occasion of this exhibition were taken from the safety of our depositories. Other unique materials presented are the collections of those types of animal that have entirely disappeared from the wild, with their last representatives surviving as a result of artificial breeding. They are, for example, the Barbary Lion (Panthera leo leo), a North African type of lion which is, as a great a rarity, bred only in a few zoological gardens in the world, amongst others in the Dvůr Králové Zoo (the skull is exhibited).In the present time of protective laws, it is practically impossible to add to the collections of animals at the edge of extinction in the wild. Yet the research of these animals can help in their protection. In this aspect, the National Museum can pride itself on its rich collections, deliberately created in the course of the 180 years of its existence. Once again, the rarest animals were selected for display. For example, the very rare Madagascan prosimian Aye-Aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) and the Ruffed Lemur (Varecia variegata) and the Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) – the largest type of tiger which number approximately only the last 200 individuals in the Far East. Further, there is a sample of numerous collections of skulls of the White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), the second biggest terrestrial mammal critically endangered by hunting for its horn (see the exhibit which documents the 6th longest horn in the world of this Rhinoceros). The Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens), the prodigious New Zealand flightless bird, the Kiwi (Apterix australis), and the rare Dipneusti Australian Lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri) were included from further unique material. The display of Tautara (Sphenodon punctatus) is the showcase of one of the world’s richest collections of this memorable reptile, popularly called “a living fossil”. (42 individuals, skeletons and skins). Rarity is a concept which changes over time. Species once common have become rare due to today’s hunting, collecting and especially the devastation of the environment. On the other hand, in the case of less noticeable species considered rare in the past, unexpectedly rich populations have been discovered, thanks to the improved possibilities of research. The last group of the exhibited zoological displays therefore presents such animals that we consider rare, whether for their inaccessibility, unusual size and shape, exceptional beauty or the unusually hard work required for their collection and preparation. This, for example, includes unique collections of birds’ eggs, splendid shells of both sea and freshwater molluscs, fragile skeletons of sponges and Anthozoa and beautiful displays of bizarre crabs. Evidence of the difficulty of combining the general and scientific view of rarity and the price of collected objects can be seen in the exhibited shell, coiled in an anti-clockwise direction in contrast to the normally clockwise direction, of the Brown Garden Snail (Helix pomatia). Such a deviation of the normal form occurs approximately once in a million times in Nature.

Swayambhunath Stupa

A golden spire crowning a conical wooded hill, Swayambhunath Stupa is the most ancient and enigmatic of all the holy shrines in Kathmandu valley. Its lofty white dome and glittering golden spire are visible for many miles and from all sides of the valley. Historical records found on a stone inscription give evidence that the stupa was already an important Buddhist pilgrimage destination by the 5th century AD. Its origins however, date to a much earlier time, long before the arrival of Buddhism into the valley. A collection of legends about the site, the 15th century Swayambhu Purana, tells of a miraculous lotus, planted by a past Buddha, which blossomed from the lake that once covered Kathmandu valley. The lotus mysteriously radiated a brilliant light, and the name of the place came to be Swayambhu, meaning 'Self-Created or Self-Existent'. Saints, sages and divinities traveled to the lake to venerate this miraculous light for its power in granting enlightenment. During this time, the Bodhisatva Manjushri was meditating at the sacred mountain of Wu Tai Shan and had a vision of the dazzling Swayambhu light. Manjushri flew across the mountains of China and Tibet upon his blue lion to worship the lotus. Deeply impressed by the power of the radiant light, Manjushri felt that if the water were drained out of the lake Swayambhu would become more easily accessible to human pilgrims. With a great sword Manjushri cut a gorge in the mountains surrounding the lake. The water, draining away, left the valley of present day Kathmandu. The lotus was then transformed into a hill and the light became the Swayabhunath Stupa.
Swayambhunath's worshippers include Hindus, Vajrayana Buddhists of northern Nepal and Tibet, and the Newari Buddhists of central a

nd southern Nepal. Each morning before dawn, hundreds of pilgrims will ascend the 365 steps that lead up the hill, file past the gilded Vajra (Tibetan: Dorje) and two lions guarding the entrance, and begin a series of clockwise circumambulations of the stupa (Newari Buddhists circle in the opposite, counterclockwise direction). On each of the four sides of the main stupa there are a pair of big eyes. These eyes are symbolic of God's all-seeing perspective. There is no nose between the eyes but rather a representation of the number one in the Nepali alphabet, signifying that the single way to enlightenment is through the Buddhist path. Above each pair of eyes is another eye, the third eye, signifying the wisdom of looking within. No ears are shown because it is said the Buddha is not interested in hearing prayers in praise of him.
The area surrounding the stupa is filled with chaityas, temples, painted images of deities and numerous other religious objects. There are many small shrines with statues of Tantric and shamanistic deities, prayer wheels for the Tibetan Buddhists, Shiva lingams (now disguised as Buddhist chaityas and decorated with the faces of the the Dhyani Buddhas), and a popular Hindu temple dedicated to Harati, the Goddess of smallpox and other epidemics.The presence of the Harati Devi temple signifies the intermingling of the pantheons of Hinduism and Buddhism in the development of the religious trends of Nepal. As Buddhists had no deity in their own pantheon to protect against the dreaded smallpox, they adopted the Hindu deity for assistance.
Atop Swayambhunath hill is another fascinating, though smaller and less visited temple. This is Shantipur, the 'Place of Peace', inside of which, in a secret, always locked, underground chamber lives the 8th century Tantric master Shantikar Acharya. Practising meditation techniques which have preserved his life for uncounted centuries, he is a great esoteric magician who has complete power over the weather. When the valley of Kathmandu is threatened by drought, the King of Nepal must enter the underground chamber to get a secret mandala from Shantikar. Soon after the mandala is brought outside and shown to the sky, rain begins to fall. Frescoes painted on the inside temple walls depict when last this occurred in 1658. The small temple has a powerful atmosphere; it is mysterious, stern and slightly ominous.
The complex of temples atop Swayambhunath hill is one of my most favorite sacred places in the world. It was here, in 1967, when I was thirteen years old that I first became enchanted with visiting and photographing ancient pilgrimage shrines. Swayambhunath stupa is also called the `Monkey Temple' because of the many hundreds of monkeys who scamper about the temple at night after the pilgrims and priests have departed. These monkeys and a hashish inspired yogi first introduced me to the magic of sacred places. Nearby the Swayambhunath hill are other important temples such as the Shiva Jyotir Linga temple of Pashupatinath, Boudhanath stupa, Changu Narayan, Dakshinkali, and Budhanilkantha. Readers interested in studying the sacred sites of the Kathmandu valley in detail are referred to the works of Bubriski, Majupuria and Moran listed in the bibliography.
Stairway to Swayambhunath temple, Kathmandu, NepalNotice the monkeys sitting on Buddha's head
Swayambhunath temple, Kathmandu, Nepal
Sacred hill and temple of Swayambhunath, Kathmandu, Nepal

Pashupatinath Temple

Pashupatinath Temple
Pashupatinath is one of the holiest pilgrimage destinations for all the Hindus of the world. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva, one of the trinity and the guardian (patron) deity of Nepal. This is one of the oldest temples, situated on the banks of the Holy Bagmati River. It is double – roofed golden temple with four triple silver doorways. Pashupatinath covers and area of 281 hectares, which is one of the biggest temple complexes in Nepal.
Pashupati is one of the many names of Lord Shiva, which means "Lord of Animals” or “Lord of the living beings”. Everyday thousands of Hindus go to the temple. It is situated 7km. From the old city of Kathmandu. The date of construction of this temple is unknown. However, it is believed to be built by the Licchavi King Supuspadeva in the 6th Century. It was renovated by King Jyoti Malla in 1416 A.D. King Bhupatindra Malla reconstructed it in 1697. All the Shah kings have splendor. Non – Hindus are not allowed inside the main temple. They can have a good view of the temple complex from the other side of the Basmati River. There are many Ghats on the bank of River Bagmati, which are rectangular or round ones for ritual bat. There are many small houses behind the Ghats; there are dying near the complex is almost a guarantee for betterment in the next life. After the death ritual of cremation is started immediately, all the ritual can be observed from the other side of the river.
People other than family members are requested not to go very near and disturb the cremation activity. Photos from far are possible

Mountain PanoramaDhulikhel,

Mountain PanoramaDhulikhel,

Nagarkot, Daman situated high up in the hills around Kathmandu Valley mostly above 2000 meters ( 7000 ft.), gives the beautiful panoramic view of Himalayan range.
Lumbini, the birth place of Lord Buddha, the apostle of peace, compassion and non-violence. It is 310 Km to the south west of Kathmandu city. Lumbini garden complex has a stone pillar commemorating the visit of Emperor Ashoka around 250 BC

Royal Chitwan National Park,

Royal Chitwan National Park,

situated in the Rapti valley about 150 Km south of Kathmandu, is the richest wildlife reserve in Nepal and one of the best in Asia. Occupying an area of 932 Sq Km, this park is home to one-third of the entire one-horned rhinos population in the world. Besides The Bengal Tiger being one of the main attractions, the park also houses leopards, gaurs, wild buffaloes, sloth bears, wild boars, various species of deer and march, and mugger crocodiles. For bird watchers, it is a paradise with more than 400 species of birds.

Magic of Nepal

Magic of Nepal

a country with the most recognized World Heritage Sites in such a small area, a mystical Kingdom in the Himalayas, not only boasts about abundant natural beauty including the highest mountain in the world, but also holds a cultural heritage that goes back to centuries. Other treasures include tropical jungles with exotic bio-diversities and wildlife , unending view of green terraced ridges, white water rafting in the Himalayan rivers and also a perfect ambience to learn Buddhism. In Nepal enchantment is everywhere, be it on the shoulders of high mountains, on terraced ridges that resemble stairways to the sky, in the bustle of the cities, on the calm or rushing rivers, or in the forest full of wildlife, flowers and bird song. We have something for for everyone - a tourist or a trekker, a river runner or a wildlife enthusiast, a poet or an artist, a writer or a scholar or anyone in search of his/ her personal Shangri-La.

Clown Loach

PostcardsChromobotia macracanthus Photo © Animal-World: Courtesy Marisa Monaco
Latest Reader Comment -
We have recently bought a clown loach - despite being told at the shop they can be shy and reclusive, ours is one of the liveliest fish in the aquarium! He is... (more) Amy 2009-08-04
A very popular fish, the Clown Loach is one of the most beautifully colored and patterned of all the freshwater fish!
With a bright orangish to reddish body, three broad jet black vertical bars with one passing through the eye, and a bright to deep red coloring on the front fins and tail, the Clown Loach is an extremely striking fish. They are most colorful when they are young however, and tend to become a bit less brilliant as a larger fish.
The word macracanthus stands for 'big spine and as this name suggests they have a pre orbital spine that is quite large, making an effective defensive weapon. They have four barbels and have been known to make audible clicking sounds.
For the most part they are a shy bottom dweller, but unlike many loaches the Clown Loach is active during the day. Once they are secure in their environment they can even become quite tame. They like the company of their own species and can also be kept with other fish. They are fairly easy to keep, but are prone to ich

Matepani Gumba(Buddhist Monastery)

Matepani Gumba(Buddhist Monastery)
There is a splendid Buddhiast Monostry on the top of the small forested hill above Matepani east of Mahendra pool. It overlook a large section of the city and once there on find oneself lost in time amid the chanting Rames, there colossal guardian images of the Buddha accompanying two other gugus and prayer house with exquisitely carved columns and friezes.

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Makalu Base Camp

One of the last true adventures into a rarely visited wilderness area of Nepal. The trek to the base camp used by Makalu expeditions will be a trip to remember.
Located to the east of Everest, Makalu, the world's fifth highest mountain, dominates the north eastern skyline of Nepal with its massive conical bulk. There are only two ways to reach the base of the mountain, neither are an easy undertaking requiring many days of high altitude trekking far from signs of civilisation.
The route that will be taken starts in the valley of the Arun Valley, one of the great rivers of Nepal, that has its source high up on the Tibetan plateau.
Entering the Arun from the west are several major river valleys which, to this day, are virtually unexplored, their thickly vegetated and steep sides being a barrier to all but the most determined adventurer.
Initially travelling through fertile farming lands and picturesque villages, the trail eventually winds its way up the Arun until all signs of human development are left behind.
Crossing a series of high ridges the trail finally arrives at the desolate, but spectacularly beautiful, site of Makalu base camp.
From base camp the standard return route is the reverse of the approach trek. For a truly challenging alternative it is possible to cross three high passes and return via the Everest region.

Flora and fauna

In the lower forested zone, birch, juniper, blue pines, firs, bamboo and rhododendron grow. Above this zone all vegetation are found to be dwarf or shrubs. As the altitude increases, plant life is restricted to lichens and mosses. Plants cease to grow at about 5,750 m (18,690 ft), because this is the permanent snow line in the Himalayas.
Forests of pine and hemlock cover the lower elevations of the national park. At elevations of around 3500 meters and above, forests of silver fir, birch, rhododendron and juniper trees are found. The forests provide habitat to at least 118 species of birds, including Danphe, Blood pheasant, Red-billed chough, and yellow-billed chough. Sagarmāthā National Park is also home to a number of rare species, including musk deer, wild yak, snow leopard, Himalayan black bear and red panda. Besides, many other animals such as Himalayan thars, deer, langur monkeys, hares, mountain foxes, martens, and Himalayan wolves are found in the park. However, their numbers are not very large and many visitors may not be able to see them.
The partial pressure of oxygen falls with altitude. Therefore, the animals that are found here are adapted to living on less oxygen as well as a cold temperature. They have thick coats to retain body heat. Some of them have shortened limbs to prevent loss of body heat. The Himalayan bears go into hibernation in caves during the winter when there is no food available.

Sagarmatha National Park

Sagarmatha National Park
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Sagarmatha National Park*
UNESCO World Heritage Site

State Party
Nepal
Type
Natural
Criteria
vii
Reference
120
Region**
Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription
1979 (3rd Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.** Region as classified by UNESCO.
Sagarmatha National Park
IUCN Category II (National Park)

Entrance sign
Location
Nepal
Coordinates
27°57′55″N 86°54′47″E / 27.96528°N 86.91306°E / 27.96528; 86.91306Coordinates: 27°57′55″N 86°54′47″E / 27.96528°N 86.91306°E / 27.96528; 86.91306
Area
1,148 km²
Established
July 19, 1976 Established: July 19, 1976
Sagarmāthā National Park, is located in eastern Nepal, containing parts of the Himalayas and the southern half of Mount Everest. The park was created July 19, 1976 and in 1979 was inscribed as a Natural World Heritage Site. Sagarmāthā is a Sanskrit word, from sagar = "sky" (not to be confused with "sea/ocean") and māthā = "forehead" or "head", and is the modern Nepali name for Mount Everest.
The park encompasses an area of 1,148 km² and ranges in elevation from its lowest point of 2,845 m (9,335 ft) at Jorsalle to 8,850 m (29,035 ft) at the summit of Everest. Barren land above 5,000 m (16,400 ft) comprises 69% of the park while 28% is grazing land and the remaining 3% is forested. Most of the park area is very rugged and steep, with its terrain cut by deep rivers and glaciers. Unlike other parks, this park can be divided into four climate zones because of the rising altitude. The climatic zones include a forested lower zone, a zone of alpine scrub, the upper alpine zone which includes upper limit of vegetation growth, and the Arctic zone where no plants can grow. The types of plants and animals that are found in the park depend on the altitude. The park contains the upper watershed of the Dudh Kosi river basin system.
The park's visitor centre is located at the top of a hill in Namche Bazaar, also where a company of the Nepal Army is stationed for protecting the park. The park's southern entrance is a few hundred metres north of Monzo at 2,835 m (9,300 ft), a one day hike from Lukla

Teaching As a Profession:-

Teaching As a Profession:-
Teaching is stimulation guidance, direction and encouragement of learning. Teaching is not a mechanical process. It is an intricate, exacting and challenging job. It is more than standing before a class and applying a few specific technique. The first principle of true teaching is that nothing can be taught. The teacher is not an instructor or task master. He is helper and a guide. His business is to suggest and o impress profession is an occupation based upon specialized intelluctial study and tranning. The purpose of which is to supply skill service or advise to other for definite fee or salary. The essential feature of a profession are that it involve from science and learning thus a profession possesses an educationally communicable technique, Tends towards self organization and is becoming increasinlly attruistise in nature.
Major factor that contributed teaching to be developed as a profession:-
1-Application of psychological theory in teaching activities.
2-Dvelopment of education as a disciplane.
3-Research of a new ideas thought in teaching.
4-Social responsibility.
5-Direction to profession.
6-Social faith
7-code of conduct
8-effect of natural organization.
9-Effect of international organization.

Gupteswar Gupha in pokhara

Gupteswar Gupha in pokhara
Gupteswar Gupha, a sacred cave, lies 2km from pokhara airpoart on the Siddhartha Highway Leading southwest from the city. The entrance is right across from Devi's Fall and the cave is almost 3km long. It has some big hall-size rooms and some passages where you have to crawl on all fours. This cave holds special values for Hindus since publlic symbol of land shiva is preserved here in the condition it was discovered. An Entrance fee of Rs.5 is changed and talking picture inside the cave is prohibited.

Mahendra Gupha in pokhara

Mahendra Gupha in Pokhara
Mahendra Gupha, Locklly called Chamero Odhar("House of beats"),is the large Limestone cave. Shepherd boys are said to have discovered it around 1950.A two hour walk to the north of pokhara, it is best to bring your own torch to see the stalactites and stalagmites, although must of them have been cared out by souvenir hunters.

Museums
Pokhara museums, Locked between the airport and Mahendra pul , reflect the ethnic mosaic of western Nepal. The lifestyles and history of ethnic groups such as the
Gurung, Thakali and the Tharu are attractively displayed. Open daily, except
Tuesday and holiday,from 10am to 4 pm. Entrance fee Rs 5 and there is an extra
10 for Cameras.


Annapurna Museum, also known as the Natural History Museum, is Located at Prithivi Narayan Camp east old bazaar.Manaed by the Annapurna Conservation area project (ACAP),the Museum has an Exceptional Collection of Butterflies,Insects,Birds, and Volcanic rocks. Open daily, except Saturday and holidays, from 9am to 4 pm.Entrance is free.